Rutherford B Hayes Apush Definition

Rutherford B. Hayes: A Deeper Dive into the Contested Presidency and its Impact on American History (APUSH Definition)

Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States, often finds himself relegated to a footnote in American history textbooks. His presidency, spanning from 1877 to 1881, is frequently overshadowed by the tumultuous Reconstruction era and the dramatic events that preceded and followed it. However, understanding Hayes's presidency is crucial for a comprehensive grasp of the complexities of late 19th-century America and its lasting impact. This article will delve into a thorough APUSH-level definition of Rutherford B. Hayes, exploring his background, his controversial election, his policies, and his lasting legacy.

Hayes's Early Life and Political Career: A Path to the Presidency

Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, in 1822, into a family of modest means. His upbringing instilled in him a strong sense of civic duty and morality, values that would shape his political career. After graduating from Kenyon College and Harvard Law School, he served in the Union Army during the Civil War, rising to the rank of Major General. His military record, characterized by bravery and competence, would later prove invaluable in his political ascent.

Following the war, Hayes transitioned into politics, serving in the Ohio State Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican. His consistent advocacy for reform and his moderate stance within the Republican party made him a respected figure, albeit not a particularly charismatic one. He championed civil service reform, a critical issue at the time given the rampant patronage and corruption within the federal government. This advocacy would become a defining characteristic of his presidency.

The Election of 1876: A Nation Divided and a Contested Outcome

The election of 1876 stands as one of the most controversial and closely contested in American history. Hayes, representing the Republican party, faced Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic nominee. The election results were incredibly close, with disputed returns from several Southern states. These disputes arose from the deeply fractured political landscape following the Civil War and Reconstruction, with accusations of widespread voter intimidation and fraud.

The situation threatened to plunge the nation into a constitutional crisis. Both candidates claimed victory, and the possibility of a violent conflict loomed large. To resolve the impasse, a special Electoral Commission was created, composed of senators, representatives, and Supreme Court justices. This commission, after much deliberation and political maneuvering, ultimately awarded all the disputed electoral votes to Hayes, securing his victory by a single electoral vote – 185 to 184.

This resolution, however, was far from universally accepted. Many Democrats viewed it as a corrupt bargain, believing that Tilden had rightfully won the election. The Compromise of 1877, an informal agreement reached between Republicans and Democrats, is often seen as the price for Hayes's victory. This compromise effectively ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South, paving the way for the rise of Jim Crow laws and the disenfranchisement of African Americans. This remains a highly debated aspect of Hayes's presidency and its long-term consequences.

Hayes's Presidency: Reform, Reconciliation, and the End of Reconstruction

Hayes's presidency, though brief, was marked by a focus on civil service reform and attempts at national reconciliation. He aimed to heal the deep wounds of the Civil War and Reconstruction, a task made incredibly difficult by the circumstances of his election.

One of his most significant achievements was the establishment of a merit-based system for federal employment. Prior to this, the spoils system, where government jobs were distributed as political rewards, had fostered widespread corruption and inefficiency. Hayes's efforts, though met with resistance, helped lay the foundation for future civil service reforms.

He also worked to improve relations between the North and the South. He appointed Southerners to his cabinet and actively sought to foster cooperation between the regions. However, his attempts at reconciliation were largely unsuccessful, hampered by the entrenched racial tensions and political realities of the post-Reconstruction South. The withdrawal of federal troops from the South, a key part of the Compromise of 1877, ultimately facilitated the resurgence of white supremacy and the systematic oppression of African Americans.

Key Policies and Issues During the Hayes Administration: A Closer Look

• Civil Service Reform: Hayes made a sincere attempt to reform the civil service. He appointed qualified individuals to federal positions based on merit, rather than political connections. He clashed with stalwarts within his own party who opposed his reforms.

• Economic Policy: The Hayes administration faced significant economic challenges, including the Panic of 1873. Hayes advocated for sound monetary policies and fiscal conservatism, but his influence on economic recovery was limited. The issue of inflation versus deflation was a major debate during this period.

• Indian Policy: Hayes's administration continued the controversial policy of westward expansion and Native American removal. While expressing some concern for the rights of Native Americans, he ultimately did little to halt the displacement and subjugation of indigenous populations.

• Labor Relations: The late 1870s witnessed the growth of labor unions and industrial unrest. Hayes's response to labor conflicts was cautious and often favored the interests of business owners.

• Foreign Policy: Hayes's foreign policy was relatively quiet. He focused on maintaining peaceful relations with other nations and avoided major military engagements.

These policies, while reflecting Hayes's intentions, were often constrained by political realities and the deep divisions within American society. His inability to fully address these issues contributes to the perception of his presidency as somewhat ineffectual.

The Legacy of Rutherford B. Hayes: A Mixed Appraisal

Rutherford B. Hayes's presidency remains a subject of historical debate. While he is often criticized for his role in ending Reconstruction and facilitating the rise of Jim Crow, his commitment to civil service reform is viewed as a significant achievement. His legacy is complex and multifaceted, reflecting the challenging political landscape of his time.

• Positive Aspects: His commitment to civil service reform laid the groundwork for future improvements in government efficiency and accountability. His attempts at national reconciliation, though ultimately unsuccessful, demonstrated his desire for healing the divisions of the post-Civil War era.

• Negative Aspects: The Compromise of 1877 and the withdrawal of federal troops from the South are widely seen as contributing to the oppression of African Americans and the rise of Jim Crow. His administration's handling of labor disputes and Native American issues is also viewed negatively.

His presidency highlighted the limitations of presidential power in addressing deeply entrenched social and political problems. While he acted with integrity and a sense of moral purpose, the context of his time often undermined his best intentions.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Why is Rutherford B. Hayes considered a significant president?

A: Hayes's significance lies primarily in his efforts at civil service reform. This helped curb corruption and laid the foundation for a more professionalized federal bureaucracy. While his actions related to Reconstruction are highly debated, his commitment to reform left an enduring mark on American governance.

Q: What is the Compromise of 1877, and how did it affect Hayes's presidency?

A: The Compromise of 1877 was an informal agreement that resolved the disputed election of 1876. It resulted in Hayes's victory in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. This compromise profoundly shaped the course of race relations in the post-Reconstruction South, leading to increased oppression of African Americans. It casts a long shadow over Hayes's legacy.

Q: How did Hayes's background influence his presidency?

A: Hayes's background as a Union Army general and his experience in Ohio politics shaped his approach to the presidency. His military background instilled a sense of discipline and order, while his political experience provided insight into the complexities of governing. His moderate stance within the Republican party also influenced his policies.

Q: Was Hayes a successful president?

A: Whether Hayes was a "successful" president is subjective and depends on the criteria used for evaluation. His commitment to civil service reform is widely lauded as a significant contribution. However, his actions related to Reconstruction remain highly controversial. His impact is complex and not easily categorized as simply "successful" or "unsuccessful."

Q: How is Rutherford B. Hayes remembered today?

A: Hayes is remembered as a president who attempted to address critical issues of his time, albeit with mixed results. His commitment to civil service reform is usually highlighted as a positive aspect of his legacy. However, his involvement in the Compromise of 1877 and the subsequent disenfranchisement of African Americans often overshadow his achievements. He is a complex figure whose presidency remains a source of ongoing historical discussion and analysis.

Conclusion: A Re-evaluation of a Often-Overlooked Presidency

Rutherford B. Hayes, though often overlooked, occupied a pivotal moment in American history. His presidency stands as a testament to the complexities of the post-Civil War era, showcasing both the potential and the limitations of political compromise and reform. By understanding the nuances of his administration, its policies, and its enduring consequences, we gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate tapestry of late 19th-century American history and its lasting impact on the nation's trajectory. His legacy invites continued critical examination, prompting us to grapple with the lasting impact of political choices made during a crucial turning point in American history.